Tag: hva

Gaum et al. (2017) assessed dopamine in their participants by measuring two of its metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), in urine.  They adjusted the levels for creatine as a marker of urine concentration, albumin to account for liver function, and also self-reported traumatic experiences, taking post-traumatic stress disorder into account as a…